Airline Industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aircraft Industry in India - Essay Example This Act guaranteed that IAC and AI had an imposing business model over the Indian skies. This pattern will be driven by the monetary extension India, as per IATA. The association additionally said that load volume, which follows the patterns in world exchange, is likewise liable to see a 6% yearly increment in 2004-2008.The gauges were discharged as a piece of IATA's year-end viewpoint, Reuters announced. IATA likewise anticipated that India will be the world's second quickest developing business sector for air travel after China. As indicated by the association India is probably going to lead the worldwide monetary development for a long time to come and this will make long stretch business traffic to and from North America, while the development in air travel between North America and India is required to surpass 10%. Three previous Soviet Bloc nations will likewise be among the five quickest developing traveler markets during the period, with Poland at 5% Hungary at 9.6% and the Czech Republic at 9.1%, which is simply behind United Arab Emirates at 9.3%. The UAE is fourth on IATA's figure rundown of the quickest developing traveler markets. While the Indian aircraft industry is seen as youthful, it has extraordinary development potential. Truth be told, onlookers state it will flaunt a development rate among the most elevated on the planet, and will inevitably have the biggest household showcase outside the U.S. what's more, China. Each of the four of the significant Indian aircrafts are accepted to ... Indeed, onlookers state it will flaunt a development rate among the most elevated on the planet, and will in the long run have the biggest residential market outside the U.S. also, China. Each of the four of the significant Indian carriers are accepted to talk about airplane acquisitions with makers. The arranged halfway privatization of government-claimed carriers is relied upon to give more prominent driving force to future development, Ian Thomas of the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) disclosed to World Airline News, yet will likewise postpone quick buying plans. Airbus Industry as of late gave an introduction in Delhi and Mumbai at which it introduced its interest forecasts for the Indian market. Airbus research demonstrates that the significant Indian transporters should purchase 222 carriers with 100 seats or increasingly worth about US$7.5 billion in the following 20 years, and that armada sizes will dramatically increase from 112 airplane toward the finish of 1999 to 236 by 2019. Extension for Airline Industry Expansion in India India's affable flying industry should buy 490 airplane throughout the following 20 years, concurring Dinesh Keskar, VP for deals at Boeing. As per gauges from the airplane maker, falling ticket costs and an expansion in traveler traffic will cause an expansion in the interest for airplane. Keskar revealed to Reuters that the traveler traffic in India is probably going to increment by 20% throughout the following three to four years. The Indian specialists have apparently said that the local and global air traffic will increment by about 20% every year, because of speculations from the legislature and private area. The speculations have been assessed at USD20bn throughout the following five years and the expansion of airplane numbers is required to twofold the quantity of regular citizen

Risk Assessment Case Study Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Hazard Assessment Case Study Evaluation Essay The hazard appraisal contextual investigation assesses the chromium-debased soils. Twelve years of research went into the investigation to describe the wellbeing dangers brought about by the chromium-debased soils. Inside New Jersey there were at any rate three distinctive chromate synthetic assembling organizations working, one in Kearny, New Jersey, and the other two in Jersey City. The investigation was directed through a human wellbeing hazard appraisal, which contains four principle steps; first distinguishing the peril, second the portion reaction evaluation, trailed by the introduction appraisal, and finishing with the hazard portrayal. There are many short and long haul wellbeing impacts found inside the hazard evaluation, which is one explanation that appraisal is so significant. Taking a gander at the hazard appraisal that was done inside the territory, the last ramifications was the straightforward actuality that a therapeutic cleaning should have been done inside the region. It appears that there may have been a significant expense for the examination and the genuine cleanup, however the advantage of sparing a domain and human wellbeing is extremely valuable. Hazard evaluation contemplates are imperative to human and biological wellbeing, along these lines regardless of the expense related the advantage will consistently be a lot higher. Taking a gander at the hazard evaluation of chromium-tainted soils is significant; it shows wellbeing impacts identified with chromium and what should be done to clean the zone for additional utilization by people and nature. The contextual investigation remembers a gathering of perilous waste locales for Northern New Jersey. At these waste locales a progression of one of a kind research endeavors were executed in the course of recent years to improve the precision of the Risk Assessment process† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The contextual analysis explicitly reports the utilization of applied research to propel the portrayal of both presentation and poisonousness related with the uncontrolled arrival of hexavalent and trivalent chromium as chromites metal handling buildup (COPR) in a urban setting (P austenbach, 2002). Early examination started after redevelopment of specific neighborhoods in downtown Jersey City prompted the revelation of COPR. Research directed by the team uncovered that development organizations and pulling firms had sued or offered the COPR to fill cellars of wrecked structures, as base for parking garages and structures, as well as to fill low †lying regions (Paustenbach, 2002). A sum of 2,138 surfaces and subsurface soil tests, 31 groundwater tests from 31 observing wells at seven destinations, 33 surrounding air tests, 19 surface-water and 11 dregs tests, and eight structure divider wipe tests were gathered and dissected during the therapeutic examination that was led by Environmental Sciences and Engineering (ESE). Because of the examinations led in the late 1980s unmistakably there was extensive vulnerability about how better to portray the potential wellbeing dangers related with the COPR locales. â€Å"The human wellbeing hazard evaluation an improvement used to process the estimation, the nature, and the possibility of an unfavorable wellbeing impacts happening in people who might be presented to synthetic substances sullied with ecological media† (EPA, 2012, p. 1). The hazard evaluation can be sorted into four stages; the peril recognizable proof, the portion reaction appraisal, the presentation appraisal, and the hazard portrayal. The simplest to perform and the most conspicuous, the initial step is to distinguish the risks. Peril recognizable proof decides if introduction to a risky specialist could be a hazard for the soundness of people. The evaluation additionally considers the presentation to creatures and how the dangerous operator may influence or unfavorably influence the creatures. The subsequent advance, the portion reaction evaluation is â€Å"the procedure of describing the connection between the portion of an operator managed or got and the frequency of an antagonistic wellbeing impact in uncovered populaces and assessing the rate of the impact as a component of introduction to the agent† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Impacting issues are a variable in the subsequent advance, for example, age, sexual orientation, schedules, the sum they are uncovered, and the volume that they are uncovered. A portion reaction relationship portrays how the chance and seriousness of unfavorable wellbeing impacts are identified with the sum and state of introduction to an agent† (EPA, 2012, p. 1). The third step is the introduction evaluation. â€Å"Exposure appraisal is the procedure wherein the power, recurrence, and term of human introduction to a specialist are estimated† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Last, the last advance is the hazard portrayal. The unsafe impact on wellbeing is named in the last stage. By figuring and taught surmises, the rate of a wellbeing impact under the different states of human or creature presentation depicted in the introduction appraisal is characterized. The people group has not been fundamentally influenced by the COPR †containing soils. â€Å"The property estimations have been kept flawless and the organizations on influenced properties have proceeded to operate† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). At the point when the COPR was ub the procedure of removal, there was next to zero worry for the natural and human wellbeing dangers that would happen because of the dispersion of COPR outside the plant. The conceivably uncovered populaces were characterized by on location and encompassing area use. â€Å"Exposures to chromium in COPR were accepted to happen by means of inward breath of suspended soil particulates, dermal contact with soil, and accidental soil ingestion† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The information from the site studies were utilized in site-explicit hazard appraisals to evaluate exposures. Section nine confirmed that the there were 42 properties influence by the introduction and harmfulness appraisals (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). There were numerous examples taken. Somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1989 â€Å"a aggregate of 2,138 surface and subsurface soil tests, 31 groundwater tests from checking wells situated at 7 locales, 33 encompassing air tests, 19 surface-water and 11 silt tests, and 8 structure divider wipe tests were gathered and examined during the RI† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Surface water and soil tests were additionally taken in the hazard evaluations. The evaluations affirmed that there was without a doubt an issue and that a medicinal was required. The hazard portrayal demonstrated that something should have been done and remediation was required for these current empty parcels. Results confirmed that the introduction and harmfulness appraisal had a high poisonousness in the dirt and cancer-causing that individuals were presented to noticeable all around, soil, and water. Confirm demonstrated that indoor residue was exceptionally harmful and yielded a connection between the residue and chromium levels. Significant levels of chromium were unequivocal in all tests. The cancer-causing mixes of chromium were not demonstrated in one, however, done on guinea pigs. The issue was passed around inside the organization yet was in the long run overseen is as yet being taken care of today. The ramifications of these appraisals have changed with each evaluation done. Every appraisal could test considerably more precisely. The last appraisal was that there is a need to focused exertion on the chromium left from these destinations. Each progression was exactly performed and precisely completed. Impediments emerged during the initial step of distinguishing proof. Once more, the subsequent advance portion reaction was constrained by the examination that had been done on chromium. When they would record an evaluation, there would be another progressively exact test accessible that would make the report off base. The impediments and recently surfaced evaluations left unanswered inquiries and worries with the appraisals. This 12-year term changed a period of new advancements in testing. With the accessibility of these new tests it brought the requirement for additional evaluations. The last appraisals show that cleanup is required and will require broad wanting to get it going. The appraisals were intended to find the consequences of how much chromium was in the zone. The impact on the wellbeing of people and nature was additionally corresponded inside the evaluations. Over the 12-year time frame, the appraisals were assessed and satisfied to their fullest potential. As per Paustenbach (2002), in Chapter 9, â€Å"the cost of the 12-year study rose to 10 million dollars in research† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Results can be found in the endeavor of the evacuation of soil in these territories and taken to a dangerous material dump in Canada. By bringing down the degrees of chromium in these territories, similar to the wetlands, they have spare a one of a kind domain in America. As indicated by the Njdep Site Remediation Program (2012) the cleanup in these territories are progressing and the testing is being posted on this site to show what the levels are in these regions (NJDEP, 2012). The individuals living and working in the specific regions will most profit by the program. The individuals can remain in tuned with the every day activities, alongside the level appraisals, through the site. In spite of the fact that the investigation was protracted, â€Å"the contemplates directed have brought down the liabilities by very nearly 1 billion dollars† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The reasonable ramifications of the hazard evaluation were that there would need to be a medicinal cleanup. â€Å"A survey of chromium toxicology recommended that valence separation in nature would be vital to effectively ascertaining wellbeing defensive cleanup gauges and amplifying the advantage of every dollar focused on remediation† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The particular objective methodology was down to earth since it tended to the issues and concocted a game plan. Numerous large organizations don't have a game plan and this thwarts the procedure to be fruitful in the remediation procedure. Another purpose behind the common sense of the hazard appraisal was that they had the option to financial plan for how much the medicinal and the cleanup would c

Employment and Services Sector free essay sample

The expanding joblessness rate among the alumni in Malaysia is a stressing pattern. For a long time, the issue sprung up over and over, made the news features, and even hit the parliament. The days have passed when a degree parchment can turn into your programmed visa to work. Advanced education is not, at this point an image of profession achievement. This may sound agonizing for graduates however let’s face it. It is reality, regardless of how unforgiving it might appear.In July 2006, The Sun paper detailed that the joblessness pace of state funded colleges has arrived at a stunning 70%, while the private organizations recorded 26% and remote alumni 34%. 1. Economy Right off the bat, the economy factor likewise causes why new alumni jobless. The changing of the financial structure and scene is a reasonable justification for the ascent in the joblessness. For a long time, the assembling has been the most grounded area in the nation until it is presently being continuously supplanted by the administrations segment. We will compose a custom article test on Work and Services Sector or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The administrations segment requires individuals who don't just have the correct specialized information, yet in addition the individuals who have the privilege delicate aptitudes †relational, correspondence, astuteness, development and are business situated. 2. Nature of instruction Furthermore, the nature of training turns into a noteworthy reason to this present circumstance. It appears that consistently the nation creates an ever increasing number of splendid understudies. This is clear with the expanding number of straight An understudies in SPM. It is additionally simpler to discover degree holders with top of the line praises. Most likely, this is a decent measuring stick of the graduate’s quality. My own involvement in graduates not once, yet ordinarily has persuaded me that today’s scholastic accomplishment has little to do with how well you can exceed expectations in the working scene. I used to short rundown 4-5 five star graduates for a meeting and at long last dismissed them all, and recruited an inferior understudy. It appears that the nation is honored with foundations profoundly proficient to create low quality, scholastic achievers. This announcement may not look good with a portion of the foundations out there however this ought to be taken as a test, not a joke. (Abdul Razak Ahmad, New Waterways times Sunday, March 20 2005) 3.Choosy occupation searchers and Choosy managers Thirdly, the alumni some of the time is selective while going after their position and the business is fussy too. These days, up-and-comers are expecting bid for employment to accompany a bundle: a great compensation, advantageous working area, no move, no work past 6pm, etc, with everything turned in a silver platter. Though, if the business is putting ‘working experience’ as a pre-essential to find a new line of work, when is the new alumni going to land their first position? This situation causes the subject to turn out to be most noticeably awful. 4. Absence of direction To wrap things up, the alumni, absence of direction when go after the position. Accusing the alumni themselves for the entire quandary isn't completely right either. All things considered, they are results of an imperfect framework. Lion's share of them are neglectful of the desire from them in the work showcase. Upon graduation, they become babies once more, not prepared to confront this present reality. The evidently long stretches of freedom abruptly turns into the times of vulnerability. This occurs because of clear disparity between the training and the business. Model, study will be study and work will be work. This hole needs a quick crossing over. While arranging a lifelong reasonable and sending penultimate understudies for modern position are admirable exertion, these are sufficiently not.

The Ozone Essays (1129 words) - Gases, Greenhouse Gases,

The Ozone Ozone gets from the greek word ozein which intends to smell. It was first found in 1839 by Christian Friedrick Schonbein who saw it in view of its particular harsh smell. He found this at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Ozone is just oxygen, however not the sort we breath. Ozone, O3 has three mixes while oxygen has just two. Ozone is reac-tive, which means it doesn't remain still, and needs to return to its unique state, with two mixes, O2. This is the reason ozone isharmful. Ozone consistently needs to relinquish its third compound, and if this compound responds with different substances, it could be harming, particularly to people. While examining with the ozone layer, one should realize the four significant climate levels on earth. The troposphere which is somewhere in the range of zero and fifteen kilometers in height and has gum based paint ture ranges from two hundred to 200 ninety kelvins. The second is the stratosphere which ranges from fifteen to approxi-mately fifty kilometers in height and has temperature ranges from 200 to 200 fifty kelvins. The third level in the environment is mesosphere. This level extents from fifty to eighty-five kilometers in elevation and has temperature rangesbetween one hundred eighty and 200 fifty kelvins. At long last, the thermosphere is the last level in the environment. It's range is eighty-five to one hundred forty kilometers and furthermore temperatures as high as 400 sixty kelvins. Society has been generally tended to with the numerous issues that we are having in our condition today. A significant issue is that of CFCs. CFC represents Chlorofluorocarbons which are found in a significant number of the vaporized shower jars. In December of 1973, Rowland and Molina found that CFCs can demolish the ozone in the stratosphere. In June 1975, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) sued the Consumers Product Safety Commission for a band of CFCs utilized in airborne splash jars. US's fifth biggest makers of vaporized showers reported that they will diminish the measure of CFCs utilized in there items. In any case, as things began to show signs of improvement, The Consumer Product Safety Commission dismissed NRDC's claim in July expressing that there was deficient proof towards the measure of damage the CFCs were doing to the ozone layer. On September 1976, a report was discharged which re-implemented Rowland and Molina's theory, yet in addition expressed that the oversee ment activity on CFC guidelines ought to be deferred. This report likewise expressed that the CFCs can start climatic changes and add to the warming of the world's environment, i.e., the nursery impact. May 1977, a few government offices reported joint intends to confine, however not dispose of employments of CFCs in airborne shower jars. Be that as it may, on February of the next year, the administration chose to delay the guidelines on CFCs utilized in refrigeration, cooling, solvents, and other mechanical procedures. With all the new guidelines taking effect and being delayed, nothing was getting cultivated, yet at long last, on October 1978, vaporizers where restricted in the United States. August of 1981, satellite pictures demonstrated that more than one percent of the ozone was lost because of CFCs. At that point, in October of 1984, investigate bunches found a 40% loss of ozone over Antarctica. In August of 1985, satellite photographs affirmed the presence of an ozone opening over Antarctica. Despite the fact that many were attempting to diminish the measure of CFCs in their items, there were still some out there who needed to make the quick buck. February 1988, three US congresspersons asked Du Pont to quit making CFCs yet the administrator denied the mentioned. After three weeks, the administrator consents to ease assembling of synthetic compounds, however just when substitutes were accessible. Eight of every a million of the generally dispersed atoms are ozone in our climate - this is what is answerable for the ascending of temperature. Ozone takes in ultra-violet beams when they originate from the sun and changes over the radiation to warmth and substance vitality. The ozone layer likewise seals earth from the a large number of the other incredible radiation beams that the sun emits. Parting of oxygen atoms relies on the exceptional radiation, in this way, the best ozone creation is over the tropics. The ozone is perilous to us on the grounds that is causes numerous sorts of skin malignancy, for example,

Cannon Hack

Cannon Hack In my email this morning: The Howe Ser Moving Company cordially invites you to the official sendoff of the Caltech cannon. Our company has recently been informed that Fleming House is at MIT RIGHT NOW and is prepared to take back their cannon. Although were sad to see it go, we were only contracted to move the cannon here for CPW, and we respect the speed with which Fleming has responded. In their honor, we wish to afford them the grandest celebration possible. And thus another great chapter in MIT hacking history comes to a close. I, for one, was quite impressed with the students behind Howe Ser. For the memories, Ive below tallied some of the impressive media coverage the hack received, along with a photo by Jo Tong 08. Media Coverage: Los Angeles Times Boston Globe National Public Radio: All Things Considered Slashdot The Tech London Times The London Times article was accompanied by a comic: The latest update from my email: Apparently CalTech flew out a crew of 20 to retrieve the cannon, and took it away in a much less elegant fashion than the MIT crew. The Brass Rat, though, will remain at MIT.

Recycling Done Wrong Impacts on Recycling Contamination - Free Essay Example

After pouring the rest of the milk into a cup, you walk over and put the milk jug in your recycling container. Throughout the week you continue to put plastic shopping bags, and paper plates from dinner in the recycling container. By the end of the week you are ready to take your recycling bin to the curb to be picked up. This is what majority of residents do each week when it comes to recycling. But what if the efforts of recycling and taking the recycling out, is not worth it? Not rinsing the milk jug out prior to putting it in the recycling container, making sure that plastic shopping bags and used paper plates are thrown in the trash, is the main reason that recycling efforts are being contaminated. More efforts are being made to recycle, however there is one major issue that is affecting such efforts. Putting recycling contaminants in with the rest of the recycling is doing more harm than good. Before looking into recycling contamination, it is important to know what recycling is. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines recycling as the separation and collection of materials that otherwise would be considered waste, the processing and remanufacturing of these items into new products, and the use of the recycled products to complete the cycle.(Recycling Basics) If by taking something that is old and making it into something new is so difficult, then why do it? Ultimately it is to assist in sustaining life and to preserve resources. It is important because of how pollution is impacting our environment. While there continues to be efforts to reduce the amount of waste that is being produced, the rate of our growing population is out weighing the efforts. With everyone, we must account for each person adding significant waste over their lifetime. This started to become an issue during the 1950s when the economic boom caused an increase in the amount of trash being produced due to the increase of the growing population. When people started to realize the impact, trash was having on the environment, the Three Rs movement began. The Three Rs stand for Reduce the amount of waste you create, Reuse items that could have a future purpose, and Recycle whatever you can. (Gordan, 2015) Even though the Three Rs are still popular today, there is a need to evaluate what is affecting the efforts. Recycling Contamination is one of the main reasons why recycling is failing, more so in residential areas. Having the idea that placing plastics with plastic, glass with glass, and paper with paper is simple, is not the case when it comes to recycling contamination. The EPA describes recycling contamination as, when incorrect items/materials are put into the system or when the right items/materials are prepared the wrong way. (Recycling Basics) So, imagine, when foods or liquids are put in the recycling container, the contents remaining in the milk jug mentioned earlier or contents remaining on the paper plate saturates the other recyclables. It causes the other recyclables to lose its value of getting to be recycled, and makes the whole container become trash. Now to think on a larger scale, imagine that you are doing recycling right, however your neighbor is not. When the recyclables are picked up and combined with your neighbors recycling contaminants, your efforts towards recycling have now been ruined. To justify why recycling contamination should be of concern is to look further into the impacting factors starting with residential curbside contaminants. When looking into what causes a damaging ripple affect with our recycling efforts, we start off with looking into what cities and small towns are doing to assist. After reviewing and comparing locations, many residential locations have not been following city/town restrictions appropriately. Currently in White House, Tennessee, residents are not allowed to add frozen food packages, coated and uncoated magazines, and it is discouraged to place plastic shopping bags in recycling containers (White, 2013). When recycling is picked up with contaminants in them, it is then shipped to a processor. There are two recycling processors located near White House, Tennessee, Rock Tenn in Nashville and t he more well-known Waste Management Inc in Rivergate. Waste Management explains, an average contamination rate among communities and businesses sits at around 25%. That means that roughly 1 in 4 items placed in a recycling container is not recyclable through curbside programs, and this creates enormous problems for the recycling economy. (Bell, 2018) To further explain the damaging impact contaminants have is to look into how the processors are spending more money to sort through the recyclables, and to manage the extra waste. Recently the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) spent well over two million dollars in recycling equipment to assist in managing the landfill overages caused by the recycling contaminates. The TDEC introduced the 2015-2025 Solid Waste and Materials Management Plan to assist educating on the states pollution increased due to recycling contaminations. According to the TDEC Management Plan, curbside collection of recyclables only exists in 44 cities and towns in 26 counties. Recent data from the TDEC reported that individuals living in Tennessee disposed an average of 5,710,987 tons of waste in Tennessee Landfills. This equates to 4.85 pounds per person per day. (United States) The TDEC has raised an important notion on the impact of how residents are at fault for the recycling contaminants. So what is the intervention to this expanding issue? Our growing population needs to establish and continue to update measurable progress by implementing and communicating more on the goals. Taking action towards recycling contamination needs to be reintegrated by educating on how the contaminants are having a devasting impact on recycling efforts. The need to finding better alternatives to packaging materials is also important. Panvalker and Piskolti-Caldwell makes a directive point that companies that provide packaging should take appropriate steps to recover packaging waste arising from their own production in line with the polluter pays and the extended producer responsibility principles. The waste should either be taken back or recovered by the producers or made available free of charge for recovery by a third-party waste-recovery organization. (Panvalker and Piskolti-Caldwell, 2001) By ensuring that efforts are being made to expand education and outreach. The more we over-communicate and the more we educate, the more items will be kept clean and separated. Majority of what everyone uses can be considered recyclable by providing the needed information and education. When contaminants are introduced into our recycling bins, the items will become contaminated and will be sent to the landfill even though majority of our recyclables were viable. There will not be a future if we continue to do recycling wrong. Recycling is very important, and the slow destruction of the planet should also be of concern. We need to increase awareness and find ways that will improve our efforts to save our future.

Definition and Examples of Denominal Adjectives

The Media And Its Effect On Society - 1622 Words

Today, many people don t look just for someone they identify with in their everyday life, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggle with finding proper and real representation in our mainstream media. Minority representation in today s mainstream media has been lacking for generations as suggested by the low numbers in minority groups, multiple stereotyping storylines and†¦show more content†¦Evidence provides more than nearly half of the characters mentioned were gay men, and within this year of overwhelming gay men, twenty-five of the characters that were lesbian women were given scripted deaths. This rough overview of just a few different minority groups, even within a large minority group provides a basis of numerical data showing the lacking of characters. Providing the visual of less than five percent of characters fall into the LGBTQ+ category and of that five percent only thirty percent of it were people of nonwhite races, shows that a record high for television is still severely lacking. How is media providing a basis for a realistic society when the mass media have such severely lacking numbers in television today. Within the struggles of how much representation is given to those in minority groups. Previous evidence mentioned –when considered and contrasted to other media related deaths – the twenty-five lesbian deaths in media (whether accidental or not) in the last year. This act against lesbian women falls into an age long trope. Many groups represented are often stereotyped via storylines, tropes, and stereotypes considered toxic, a struggle many minority groups face. Portraying toxic environments and stereotypes that influences the society today. Going off from anShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pageshis loyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by the media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claimRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is much more socially acceptable in today’s society than it was hundreds of years ago, which is mostly caused by technological advances. As technology expanded, so did our generation’s tendency for violence. With all the breakthroughs in social interaction using technology, the media has become a large contributor to society. Coinciding with the first amendment to free speech, the media is a very valuable and powerful tool in spreading information when used for important purposes. HoweverRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the average American engaging in some form of technology laced with advertisements, whether it be a minute long video prefacing a Yout ube video or a thirty second long Pandora audio commercial. A common theme emerges throughout these forms of media, the subordination of women. TV shows, video games, movies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argueRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a huge role in molding the public mind. The public has a collective thought process of the world and the media is always there to shape up that perception of the world. The Running Man takes place in a dystopian future where the masses are fully controlled by the Government and people are oblivious to their surroundings like a herd of sheep, steered any way the Network desires. The media is the largest outlet for propaganda and there are no competitors to the Network for they haveRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its Effects on Society Media plays a crucial role in our life nowadays. It serves as a bridge that connects people to the world, leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Media also offers platform for people to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a partRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe use of technology has increased, and expanded. Mass media plays a vital role in society. Mass media can be defined as any means of communication, to an extremely large group of people. Technological advancements have been extremely beneficial for prior generations, the generation we now live in, and will be for the future generations to come. Such as, providing news for the world to hear, entertainment, and much more. Some examples of media would be t elevision, films, newspapers, and the InternetRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pagesentertainment media have had a positive effect on society? Name Institution An evaluation of the last half decade shows that media and its influence on communities and society at large has expanded significantly with advancement of technology. It is apparent that in the world today, media has an influential role in the daily life of an individual. From the time that a person wakes up to the time they go to bed, they are surrounded in a world that has been developed by media. Initially thereRead MoreEffects Of The Media On Society2469 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3: Effects of the Media Though war contributed to changes in society, the media was the driving factor behind changes including the fixation with beauty among women. Magazines had the ability to perpetuate the already emerging ideals. The idea of self-improvement became a very popular topic in the 1920s seen across all women’s magazines, contributing to the progression from the middle class women to the New Woman. This â€Å"New Woman† was one of beauty and fun with â€Å"admiration and lastingRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society2385 Words   |  10 PagesName: Title: Institution: Abstract Different theories have been utilized to dissect the media and its effect on the general public. The ascent of the m Media business in the twentieth century gave a formal method for correspondence that was open to practically everybody in a society. Early scholars came to see media as being in charge of publicizing and dispersing the changes, turmoil, and discontent which embodied the period. They rebuked the mass communications for offering assurance and propagating

The Modern Hero Of Beowulf - 1050 Words

Aaron Payne Mr. Walter English IV September 28 The Modern Hero â€Å"The art of leadership†¦ consists in consolidating the attention of the people against a single adversary and taking care that nothing will split up that attention† (Adolf Hitler). Although Adolf Hitler may have been one of the worst men in history, he had a similar rise to power as the Geatish warrior Beowulf did. He gained his leadership by showing up to Germany in their time of need and telling them that he can fix their economic depression after WWII. Throughout the epic poem, Beowulf demonstrates a leadership style that is very effective; however, it has failed many leaders and their cultures in the past, and it is often carried on today. This also ties into Beowulf’s hero model, which shows us how drastically the idea of heros have changed throughout history. Beowulf’s charismatic leadership style is adequate for him to achieve the role he deserves over the Danes, although it comes along with several drawbacks. Beowulf comes to power by being a courageous figure that comes to help the Danes in their time of need. He often brags about his courageous acts to show his greatness, we see this when he is confronted by Unferth, The fact is, Unferth, if you were truly as keen and courageous as you claim to be Grendel would never have got away with such unchecked atrocity, attacks on your king, havoc in Heorot and horrors everywhere (590-594). After defeating Grendel, the Danes look to him as their invincible heroShow MoreRelatedBeowulf As A Modern Hero Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagesand bravery are withâ€Å"Whether ancient or modern, the distinctive characteristic of the heroic figure†¦ ‘Is willing to risk death.’† (acculturated.com) Heroes are willing to face the fear of constant violent death and embrace fate to have inner peace or exceptional value within themselves. The model hero in ancient times was the type to kill and conquer just to be remembered whereas today, things have shimmered down. Beowulf’s effectiveness as a modern-day hero has taught us something that will stickRead MoreModern Definition Of Hero In Beowulf714 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the modern definition of â€Å"hero† is â€Å"a person admired for achievements and noble qualities† or â€Å"one who shows great courage.† Over centuries peoples views of what they consider a hero has transformed. Alfred de Vigny’s claim that â€Å"there are no heroes and no monsters in this world† makes it clear that he defines â€Å"hero† in a different way. Despite de Vigny’s claim that there are no heroes or monsters today, I believe there are, due to the selfless acts madeRead MoreDefinition Of A Modern Hero In Beowulf744 Words   |  3 Pagest heir definition of a hero the same as our own? A good example of an Anglo-Saxon hero is Beowulf, he travelled to Denmark with a group of warriors to fight a monster named Grendel that was terrorizing a city, he also killed Grendel’s mother and a dragon to save the people in the city. He may seem like a modern hero, he’s saving the people in danger, he shows leadership, and has the bravery to do so, but there are distinct differences between the Anglo-Saxon hero and a modern hero and those differencesRead MoreBeowulf : A Modern Epic Hero1595 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities of gods’. In the story of Beowulf, readers get to see a young audacious hero show the abilities of loyalty, wisdom, and physical strength. As I read the story, I saw that Beowulf matures into a man who doesn’t simply upkeep about individual magnificence and integrity but cares about his society as a leader. Beowulf is compared to a modern epic hero because he is fighting for a good caus e, rewarded for doing the right thing, and is respectfully treated as a hero. The importance of the poemRead MoreBeowulf Comparison to Modern Day Hero2195 Words   |  9 PagesFrom Beowulf to Superman, Why we need our Heroes Heroes, from Beowulf to Superman our cultures have always created heroes. We may always have political, social, economic and religious differences, but at the end of the day we all have one thing in common, heroes. They help define who we are and what we want to be. They give us hope and inspire us to head in the right direction. They show us that good will always triumph over evil and that anything is possible if you set your mind to it. HeroesRead MoreThe Four Characters Of Beowulf And Modern Day Heros738 Words   |  3 Pagesheroesheros. Some heroes Heros take the direct approach and overcome obstacles with raw power and strength, both physical and moral. Others use their intelligence along with trickery and ruthlessness. It is hard for a hero to take a more direct approach than Beowulf. For example, he rips Grendel’s arm right out of its socket! He also shows moral strength by being champion of the values of his society. There are also some other things that can dif ferentiate two types heros. The first the type thatRead MoreEssay about Beowulf and Modern Day Hero670 Words   |  3 Pagescomparison between Beowulf and the modern day hero. All soldiers that are fighting for my country certainly comes to mind first, when I think about a modern day hero. Both hero’s are fighting for a good cause, get rewarded for what they do, and get treated with much respect. Although a soldier might not withhold unworldly strength as one such as Beowulf, they both are putting their life at stake, which gives them both the title as being a hero. Both the U.S soldier and Beowulf portray characteristicsRead MoreModern Hero vs. Anglo Saxon Hero Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesTodays modern day hero has similarities and differences than the Anglo-Saxon hero. The two heroes each have different values they believe in. Also, they are motivated to fight for different reasons. An Anglo-Saxon hero also fights differently than a modern day hero. An example of this comparison is Bono from the band U2 and Beowulf. Both modern day heroes, like Bono and Anglo-Saxon heroes, like Beowulf, try to improve their societies, but do it in different ways and for different reasons. Anglo-SaxonRead MoreEssay Beowulf and Batman622 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many similarities between Batman- a modern day hero making use of his intellect, modern technology, and detective skills on crime and warfare and the classic hero, Beowulf- who travels great distances to prove his strength against his enemies, even at impossible odds. For example, the simplest being that they are both heroes working towards the common good, saving others without twice thinking of their own safety. However there are also many differences: obvious ones such as the fact theyRead MoreBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages2Y English 12 20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero needed to possess all of

Derivatives - Credit Default Swaps (CDS) Example

Essays on Derivatives - Credit Default Swaps (CDS) Essay Derivatives - Credit Default Swaps (CDS) Contents Contents 2 Credit Default Swap 3 Credit Default Swap and Systematic Risk 4 References 5 Derivativesare instruments which are used by investment bankers to allow traders to hedge their bets. Hedging protects banks and companies against unforeseen situations in case of sudden increase in value of commodities or currencies. Initially it was started with coffee or wheat which was subject to such kind of trading. Then options and swaps became the next common form of derivatives used by investment bankers. They were used by managers since individuals wanted to have the security of knowing at what price they can buy or sell the security, and wanted the chance of making profit when the market price is suitable to them. The next derivative instrument used by them is Swaps where exchange of currencies or interest rates is done. For example investment bankers can help an individual swap a floating rate of interest in exchange of fixed rate of in terest so as to minimize the risk (BBC, 2003, p. 1). Credit Default Swap Credit derivative is associated with any transaction whose value is derived from underlying asset credit worthiness. Credit default swap occurs when two private parties enters into contract with each other to share the risk in case a borrower fails to repay his loan. CDSs have similar features as both securities and futures but they are not classified as either of the instruments. Hence trading of CDSs occurs on a virtually unregulated and over the counter market. CDSs are seen as innovative financial instruments which have huge potential to transform the entire credit world. CDSs allow banks to hedge their risk effectively and thus banks can give more loans. CDSs provide greater latitude in creating risk profiles. The CDSs are traded in OTC markets and it permits greater customization of derivative instruments. Thus CDSs can be finely tuned so as to accommodate the accurate level of risk desired. Thus such customization helps decrease some risks involved in a transaction and thus in turn it provides room for more such transactions to occur. Credit Default Swap and Systematic Risk CDSs help reduce Systematic Risk. Prior to CDS, banks had to take all the risk of leveraging and thus they used to be exposed to high risk because of defaults which can happen anytime. Presently major participants of the financial markets have become intertwined and thus any risk of one player can have a liability on other players in another market. But CDSs have reduced the risks of leveraging because of diversification which brings down the damage to banks due to default. Thus banks which used CDSs to hedge themselves are protected from the exposure and loss caused by default since the cost associated with a default are borne or shared by each of the protection sellers with whom the bank had entered into contract (Reiser, 2009, p. 107). Thus by entering into CDS banks can decrease the chance of default and help mitigate the possibility of systematic risks. The contribution of CDSs to systematic risk is found in a term referred to as negative externality. Negative externality occurs when the behaviour of one market participant though beneficial to that market participant causes harms to other innocent market participants and the participant who causes the harm has no incentive to stop his behaviour. Thus regulation often is seen as the solution to the negative externalities which is controlled by CDS regulatory jurisdiction. References Reiser, A. 2009. An Economic Analysis And Legal Framework For Credit Default Swap Regulation. Available at: http://www.law.unc.edu/documents/journals/ncbank/balancesheet/aneconomicanalysisandlegalframeworkforcreditdefaultswapregulation.pdf. [Accessed at: 12 March 2014] BBC. 2003. Derivatives - a simple guide. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2190776.stm. [Accessed at: 12 March 2014]

Data Flow Diagram Free Essays

mywbut. com Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) 1 mywbut. com Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ Identify the activities carried out during the structured analysis phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Flow Diagram or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain what a DFD is. Explain why constructing DFDs are important in arriving at a good software design. †¢ Explain what a data dictionary is. †¢ Explain the importance of data dictionary. †¢ Identify whether a DFD is balanced. Structured Analysis Structured analysis is used to carry out the top-down decomposition of a set of high-level functions depicted in the problem description and to represent them graphically. During structured analysis, functional decomposition of the system is achieved. That is, each function that the system performs is analyzed and hierarchically decomposed into more detailed functions. Structured analysis technique is based on the following essential underlying principles: †¢ †¢ †¢ Top-down decomposition approach. Divide and conquer principle. Each function is decomposed independently. Graphical representation of the analysis results using Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs). Data Flow Diagram (DFD) The DFD (also known as a bubble chart) is a hierarchical graphical model of a system that shows the different processing activities or functions that the system performs and the data interchange among these functions. Each function is considered as a processing station (or process) that consumes some input data and produces some output data. The system is represented in terms of the input data to the system, various processing carried out on these data, and the output data generated by the system. A DFD model uses a very limited number of primitive symbols [as shown in fig. 5. 1(a)] to epresent the functions performed by a system and the data flow among these functions. 2 mywbut. com External Entity Process Output Data Flow (a) Data Store number readnumber validatenumber data-item validnumber (b) data-item readnumber validatenumber validnumber number (c) Fig. 5. 1 (a) Symbols used for designing DFDs (b), (c) Synchronous and asynchronous data flow Here, two examples of data flow that describe input and validation of data are considered. In Fig. 5. 1(b), the two processes are directly connected by a data flow. This means that the ‘validate-number’ process can start only after the ‘readnumber’ process had supplied data to it. However in Fig 5. 1(c), the two processes are connected through a data store. Hence, the operations of the two bubbles are independent. The first one is termed ‘synchronous’ and the second one ‘asynchronous’. Importance of DFDs in a good software design The main reason why the DFD technique is so popular is probably because of the fact that DFD is a very simple formalism – it is simple to understand and use. Starting with a set of high-level functions that a system performs, a DFD model 3 mywbut. com hierarchically represents various sub-functions. In fact, any hierarchical model is simple to understand. Human mind is such that it can easily understand any hierarchical model of a system – because in a hierarchical model, starting with a very simple and abstract model of a system, different details of the system are slowly introduced through different hierarchies. The data flow diagramming technique also follows a very simple set of intuitive concepts and rules. DFD is an elegant modeling technique that turns out to be useful not only to represent the results of structured analysis of a software problem, but also for several other applications such as showing the flow of documents or items in an organization. Data dictionary A data dictionary lists all data items appearing in the DFD model of a system. The data items listed include all data flows and the contents of all data stores appearing on the DFDs in the DFD model of a system. A data dictionary lists the purpose of all data items and the definition of all composite data items in terms of their component data items. For example, a data dictionary entry may represent that the data grossPay consists of the components regularPay and overtimePay. grossPay = regularPay + overtimePay For the smallest units of data items, the data dictionary lists their name and their type. Composite data items can be defined in terms of primitive data items using the following data definition operators: +: denotes composition of two data items, e. g. a+b represents data a and b. [,,]: represents selection, i. e. any one of the data items listed in the brackets can occur. For example, [a,b] represents either a occurs or b occurs. (): the contents inside the bracket represent optional data which may or may not appear. e. g. a+(b) represents either a occurs or a+b occurs. represents iterative data definition, e. g. {name}5 represents five name data. name}* represents zero or more instances of name data. represents equivalence, e. g. a=b+c means that a represents b and c. {}: =: /* */: Anything appearing within /* and */ is considered as a comment. 4 mywbut. com Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe Computer Game Tic-tac-toe is a computer game in which a human player and the computer make alternative moves on a 3? 3 square. A move consists of marking previously unmarked square. The playe r who first places three consecutive marks along a straight line on the square (i. e. along a row, column, or diagonal) wins the game. As soon as either the human player or the computer wins, a message congratulating the winner should be displayed. If neither player manages to get three consecutive marks along a straight line, but all the squares on the board are filled up, then the game is drawn. The computer always tries to win a game. display Tic-Tac-Toe Software 0 move Human Player (a) displayboard 0. 1 validatemove 0. 2 game move board result checkwinner 0. 4 playmove 0. 3 (b) Fig 5. 2 (a), (b) Level 0 and Level 1 DFD for Tic-Tac-Toe game described in Example 1 5 mywbut. com It may be recalled that the DFD model of a system typically consists of several DFDs: level 0, level 1, etc. However, a single data dictionary should capture all the data appearing in all the DFDs constituting the model. Figure 5. 2 represents the level 0 and level 1 DFDs for the tic-tactoe game. The data dictionary for the model is given below. Data dictionary for the DFD model in Example 1 move: display: game: board: result: integer /*number between 1 and 9 */ game+result board {integer}9 [â€Å"computer won†, â€Å"human won† â€Å"draw†] Importance of data dictionary A data dictionary plays a very important role in any software development process because of the following reasons: †¢ A data dictionary provides a standard terminology for all relevant data for use by the engineers working in a project. A consistent vocabulary for data items is very important, since in large projects different engineers of the project have a tendency to use different terms to refer to the same data, which unnecessary causes confusion. The data dictionary provides the analyst with a means to determine the definition of different data structures in terms of their component elements. Balancing a DFD The data that flow into or out of a bubble must match the data flow at the next level of DFD. This is known as balancing a DFD. The concept of balancing a DFD has been illustrated in fig. 5. 3. In the level 1 of the DFD, data items d1 and d3 flow out of the bubble 0. 1 and the data item d2 flows into the bubble 0. 1. In the next level, bubble 0. 1 is decomposed. The de composition is balanced, as d1 and d3 flow out of the level 2 diagram and d2 flows in. 6 mywbut. com (a) Level 1 DFD (b) Level 2 DFD Fig. 5. 3: An example showing balanced decomposition 7 How to cite Data Flow Diagram, Essay examples

The Protective Value of Fear free essay sample

The Protective Value of Fear Have you ever watched something that happens on a screen, yet still it feels real? Imagine feeling scared out of your mind or pumped up by something that is not really happening. Images and sounds can make your heart rate increase, your palms wet, your muscles tighten, and the hair on your arms rise. How healthy can it really be? Suspension of disbelief is the phenomenon, which makes it possible to believe a premise you would never accept in the real world. This is a semi-conscious decision in which you put aside your disbelief and accept the premise as being real for the uration of the story (MediaCollege). This phenomenon creates a virtual experience built upon on fantasy and illusion, which is the central theme of our discussion. There are consequences in real life. If you commit a crime the most likely consequence is either Jail or a ticket. Furthermore, if you get caught cheating on a test you may be put on academic probation. However, if you have ever seen the Saw movies or played certain video games, which depict the murder of women and children and a general callousness towards the loss of life, you have probably noticed hat there are rarely repurcussions to these actions in games and movies. The horror novelist, Stephen King explains the appeal of watching scary movies and playing violent video games through the safety valve theory of catharsis. King assumes that all humans demonstrate cruel and aggressive impulses occasionally. In order for people to express and unleash these natural impulses in a controlled and safe environment, they engage in these types of entertainment, which enables them to forestall their needs to act it out in real life. King refers to it as the safety valve heory of catharsis, implying that there is a process of cleansing, which occurs when people allow themselves to utilize this outlet, thereby controlling urges that are deemed socially unacceptable. On the other hand, there is the theory of desensitization, which defies and challenges Kings safety valve theory of catharsis. Desensitization is a serious matter, which in this case refers to violent media content and can be compared to the building of tolerance in the face of addiction. When an addict consumes copious amounts of alcohol, they will subsequently need more of he substance to achieve the same effect. The same phenomenon is true of violent media and desensitization. Consuming a heavy diet of violent media is certain to affect people, who in turn will feel less provoked and shocked each time. As a consequence to experiencing the violence on a regular basis our reaction becomes less pronounced. Violence repeated, in the media, will draw people towards the ferocity of violence. If I took my grandfather, who was born in 1932, to watch a horror movie that was produced recently, Im certain that he would be shocked at the ontent in films these days. Since the day media was born we have witnessed one pattern, which is that boundaries have been pushed further and further. In Kings article, My Creature from the Black Lagoon, he describes how terribly frightening and appropriate his reaction was to the film. I was cynical when I recently viewed this movie, in part because it is possible to see the zipper running down the monsters back. I agree with Kings assertion that disbelief is not light and that perhaps my muscles ot imagination nave also grown wear as ne explains in his article. For example, a recent film, Paranormal Activity attempts to push the boundaries even further by implying that the storyline is based on true events. This and other recent films in the horror genre are proof that the desensitization theory may be very real as filmmakers attempt to move beyond thrillers into the realm of the supernatural. While desensitization may be a relevant concept, I believe that Kings safety valve theory of catharsis is correct because children do exhibit a natural capacity for sadness, fear and violence and it is within this comfort zone that emories are created. In an experiment college students were shown a violent film for several night in a row. The next day while taking a simple test, the research assistant treated them rudely. Apparently the students who had watched the violent movie choose a harsher punishment for the assistant, than the other students who had been watching nonviolent movies. Clearly media has a greater impact than we might realize. Even King indirectly admits that kids are vulnerable to such: In this sense, kids are the perfect audience for horror. The paradox is this: Children, who are hysically quite weak, lift the weight of unbelief with ease. King makes a good point, but because personalities vary, it is a risk you take when you expose your young child to such images even if you believe that they are able to process it better because of their expansive imagination. King explains that the purpose ofa good horror film is to knock the adult props out from under us and tumble us back down the slide into childhood. Therefore, King uses the safety valve theory of catharsis to propose that scary films serve a therapeutic purpose. King believes that fear is a natural, healthy phenomenon. He states, Children are literally afraid of their own shadows at the right time and place. However, King also points out that children are able to manage their fear and use their imagination in order to protect themselves from true dysfunction. King explains that children use selective forgetting which forms the basis of both nostalgia and childhood fears. Adults look back upon these childhood experiences with fond memories, even of the most fear inducing moments and desire hat lost feeling because they feel protected and threatened all at once. One example provided by King states that It is the parents, of course, who continue to underwrite the Disney procedure of release and rerelease, often discovering goosebumps on their own arms as they rediscover what terrified them as children. Therefore, the safety valve of catharsis theory provides that this is a safe way to experience fear and, in fact, positive memories ensue as adults. In conclusion, I believe that the theory of desensitization and the safety valve theory of catharsis are not mutually xclusive and one is not necessarily more correct than the other. However one enables us to understand how an individual processes stimuli that may be overly threatening or difficult to comprehend and another refers to how people may internalize stimuli, have a visceral reaction and thus crave more. T he safety valve theory of catharsis implies a measure of control, which I believe King agrees with wholeheartedly. He feels that even children, who may feel powerless in so many aspects of their life feel safe because they realize that they can let their imaginations un wild albeit in a safe way.

The Splat Case Study-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Is Splat pursuing a global niche strategy? Why or why not? Answer: The Splat case study clearly demonstrates that Splat is a rapidly growing businesses which has used this success to venture into the international market and expand its products line. While this is the logical approach to consider for a growing company, its not a feasible plan as it involved both international expansion and product range expansion which is likely to prove to be too much pressure on the organization(Casas, n.d.). This is due to the organization needing to focus on international expansion stability and growth as well as developing new products that meet international consumer tastes. This would result in Splat experiencing a serious market expansion dilemma where the brand was suddenly overburdened by the pressure to meet customer expectations and growth in international markets. This chain reaction would also have a direct effect on the organization performance back in Russia and Europe, where the brand had registered success as the brand's management would turn its attention more towards in its Asian expansion which is facing complications. Splat is therefore not pursuing a global niche strategy effectively as the brand is facing pressure managing both its international expansion and customized products development to meets customer expectations. This has resulted in affecting the businesses performance and likely to result in Splat failing to successfully pursuit international over the long term perspective. This is due to the brand needing to handle too many issues related to international expansion, competition and customer expectations which is over burdening the brands overall management(Casas, 2016). Bibliography Casas, T., 2016. SPLATS VENTURE DILEMMA (A): CONSOLIDATE OR BREAK OUT OF THE NICHES? Moscow: Case Center. Casas, T., n.d. SPLATs Venture Dilemma (B): Moving the Battle Lines: Leap of Faith or Rebel with a Cause? IMD.

The Joys of a Congratulatory Sample Essay

The Joys of a Congratulatory Sample EssayA congratulatory sample essay can be a great choice for your students. It is appropriate for college students, high school students, adults and even older students. A congratulatory sample essay can also be used for adults who are attending graduations. Even if the message is only a four-line poem, this can still be appropriate.The congratulatory sample essay can be used as a reward or a compliment for a person for accomplishing something noteworthy. This is a good opportunity to give your student a small piece of the puzzle that they have been trying to solve for the semester. It will also show them that you care about their progress.The congratulatory sample essay is a little different than other essays you might create. The four lines of poetry should be just one of a whole poem. It should be unique and at the same time powerful and memorable. Most congratulations samples are one sentence long, which is not enough to make a lasting impressi on on a reader.Your congratulatory sample essay should be shorter than a normal four-line essay. By creating a longer poem, you could lose the reader's attention. You want them to keep reading the congratulatory sample essay because they like your message. If you keep them there too long, they might get bored and move on to the next essay.If you're writing the congratulatory sample essay for a person who just got married, the poem should be emotional but not sentimental. It should reflect how happy and proud they are of their new partner. A single line should suffice.A congratulatory sample is often shorter than the usual six paragraph essay that high school students receive. High school students can't read as fast as college students, so you want to make it easy for them to get a good grasp of the material. A shorter piece is easier to comprehend than a longer one.In terms of the format, a congratulatory sample is similar to a typical term paper that college students receive. All o f the work should be on the final page. You should write a few sentences on the first page and then another few sentences on the second page. The rest of the essay should be on the third page.Congratulations is a great way to express your congratulations to someone. Try making use of a congratulatory sample essay as a fun and creative project.

Honey Shock Business Plan

Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe Free Online Research Papers One of the most important political ideologies of the first half of the nineteenth century was the force of Nationalism. Nationalism is the belief that nations are defined by people who have the same language, culture, and history, not by lines drawn on maps or by rulers conquering a vast empire. The advent of this movement was the French Revolution when throughout the continent, people watched as the French people united and established their own form of government and nation. The idea of a nation of the people and not of the ruler was very popular in nationalism. Spreading like wildfire, soon there was a nationalistic movement in nearly every country in Europe, especially Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, Poland, and Russia. Most nationalists also believed in equality of every person both before the law and in everyday life. The affects of nationalism shaped the continent during the early 1800’s, allowing for a few new nations to be formed. The Conservative Order looked to cru sh the movement because, for most of these multi-national countries, the â€Å"plague of nationalism† would spell certain disaster. Not only did the nationalists create a political sensation that swept through Europe but also paved the way for economic strengthening and cultural beliefs that exist in the world to this day. The nationalists had a very radical political view at the time, desiring to overthrow the powers that suppressed and hampered the patriotic feelings of the people. Nationalists opposed the Vienna Settlement, a European peace conference arguing that it did what was best for a few powerful dynasties rather than what was best for the people. Nationalists protested against large multi-national nations and empires such as Austria and Russia. They believed that dominating over multiple nations was not right. Nationalists also challenged the political units that are smaller than that of an ethnic nation, such as the German states and the multiple states of Italy. The nationalistic movement won minor victories with the independence of Greece, Serbia, and Belgium. Belgium was a prime example of nationalist views. When they merged with the Dutch, the Belgians could not overcome the language and cultural differentials. However, the Reactionary Forces were not as weak as expected. In fact, th ey were more resilient and stronger than anyone had predicted. Places that fostered conservatism reacted with more spirit. For example, in Austria and Russia, reaction came as suppression and in France it came as revolution. The Spanish rebels were quickly crushed by King Ferdinand VII’s army. The only country with peaceful solutions was Brittan, where problems were solved with accommodation. The idea of popular sovereignty, where the power of the state is legitimized by the general will of the people, was also very popular in nationalism. In the Revolutions of 1848, nationalists across Europe moved out to overthrow the Conservative Order and establish nations based on ethnicity. Never before had so many revolutions occurred at one point in time or had such and effect on other aspects of life across the Continent. The cultural repercussions from the nationalist movement resulted in an increase of national and ethnic pride. There was a complete breakdown of loyalty to the church and increased devotion to the community. Many nationalist writers advocated their beliefs and wrote in their own language, allowing for more people to learn the regional language. Such a writer was Johann Gottfried Herder, who promoted the importance of each culture as both a nation and a part of a large unit, humanity. Most people associate nationalism with liberalism, however, they are very different and had constantly conflicting views. Liberals based their views on fact and reason while nationalists based their views on romanticism and emotion. The nationalists also had conflicts with royalists, clergy, and landed aristocracy, who were corrupt and loyal to the Ancient Regime. The final cultural factor in the struggle for nationalism was the younger generation and the students. Organizations such as the Burschenschaf ten, a German student guild, would lead the drive of nationalism and promoted change in their respective countries. Not only did the nationalist movement affect the culture but it also affected the economic conditions of Europe. People were driven to support nationalism by realizing that economic independence could also mean political independence. In the Revolutions of 1848, the economic state of Europe was in ruin. There were food shortages and lower wages to make it even more difficult to buy food. Businesses failed and unemployment skyrocketed and the poor relief was extremely overburdened. All these factors also lead to deteriorating living conditions as well. Cities became full of crime and disease as industrialism and urbanization swept across Europe. Citizens blamed both their government as suppressors and the bourgeoisie for economic greed. They looked towards the forces of nationalism to overthrow the reactionary forces. A secondary outcome of nationalism that was taking root and flourishing in both large and small nations was national capitalism. Many citizens felt, if they put their labor towards fueling the economy of their country, it would lead to political independence from the sovereigns. Th e economic stimulus of nationalism caught hold in almost every nation who sought to gain ethnic unity. Nationalism dramatically increased the sense of ethnic pride and national sentiment in Europe between 1815 and 1850. Not only did it allow for nations such as Serbia and Greece to gain independence, but also gave a sense of distinctiveness to those nations who had not gained ethnic unity, like Italy and Germany, that were made up of many smaller divisions. During this time, Nationalism led to many revolutions against oppressive and despotic governments who did not represent the cultural majority. Nationalism inspired European nations, led to a dramatic increase of patriotism, and a sense of ethnic pride while also indirectly fostering capitalism. These early beliefs of nationalism live on today, creating a strong sense of unity and cultural traditions that has lasted for over two hundred years. 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LBST Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LBST Assignment 3 - Essay Example stant faith the head authority is the individual, in orthodox Christianity this authority has been given to the seven ecumenical councils of their church. In other Christian groups, the scriptures are the main guidelines of faith but in the Eastern Church the writings of Greek fathers such as John Chrysostom, and St. Basil the Great are relied on heavily for teachings and some of their faith confessions of the 17th century are seen to have only historical significance (ReligionFacts, 2004). The Eastern churches place their emphasis on an individual’s experience with the truth and was able to produce a lot of what would be considered significant theological and philosophical thought in the first millennium and this is in contrast with the Western churches. Sin is viewed as the cause of the blurring of the human state from being in the image of God to being less human and ends in death according to the Eastern Church. In their opinion, salvation was set to reestablish mans relationship with God and reunite humans with the divine and not as a legal pardon as is the belief with the Western churches. These maintain the belief that human beings had freedom which they abused in the form of sin and it was taken away accompanied by a punishment and this is where grace and the forgiveness of sin through the and salvation comes in. The churches differ in their opinions of the trinity. The Eastern Church delves more into the preexistent and divine nature of Christ contrary to the Western Churches that delve more into the human nature of Christ. The difference in their views of the Holy Spirit led to the 11th century split due to the addition of the word filioque that was supposed to elaborate the divinity of the Son (ReligionFacts, 2004). The Eastern Church holds the belief that the spirit and the son have their origin from the father but the addition implies that the spirit proceeds from the father. The churches do not disagree on all religious view points. Both churches

Legalization of Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Legalization of Marijuana - Research Paper Example The economic feasibility of decriminalizing marijuana has become a much-discussed subject in recent years. The federal government presently spends a lot of capital on law enforcement to combat distributors and producers of drugs. By legalizing drugs this could eradicate much of the profit, bloodshed and corruption of that trade. If legalizing drugs is to have a positive effect on the crime rate, drugs must be made both inexpensive and available. Studies have repetitively suggested that prohibiting marijuana in the U.S. has not shown to be efficient or effective. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, â€Å"U.S. federal, state and local governments have spent hundreds of billions of dollars trying to make America ‘drug-free.’ Yet heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine and other illicit drugs are cheaper, purer and easier to get than ever before. (â€Å"England,† 2006) According to a report in The Economist (Case for Legalization, 2001), concerns that a growing drug-usin g and dependent population would emerge if marijuana was made more available are false. Although the magazine acknowledges that the price of the drug is artificially high, it attributes this to the difficulties involved in circumventing the law. The authors of this report indicate that it is only because of the high cost and the difficulty to obtain it that more individuals have not experimented with it. Instead, they become addicted, either physically or psychologically, to other, often more harmful yet legal substances such as prescription medications or alcohol. To support their argument in favor of legalization even should the numbers of suspected users rise, the Economist article (Case for Legalization, 2001) draws on the theories of John Stuart Mill. Mill’s ideas were founded on the concept that adult citizens should have the right to make their own choices regarding whether or not to participate in activity as long as it does no harm to others. This is a founding theor y that has been mostly ignored in decisions made regarding alcohol and tobacco, both of which have proven to directly cause significant harm to innocent others, but has not been ignored regarding Class C substances such as marijuana. However, the arguments that more people would become regular users of the substance are unfounded. In addition to the fallacies of the anti-legalization side regarding increased use, the damage perpetrated on those involved with marijuana far outweighs the benefits achieved by current legislation and yet continues to exist. Poor countries where the drug is produced are quickly being overrun by criminals and thugs, people who make breaking the law on numerous levels. Because production and exportation is considered a criminal activity, the actual criminals are finding success rather than defeat. Individuals within the rich countries who buy the drugs are often otherwise productive members of society. Smoking marijuana, for medical or other reasons, is of ten their only ‘crime’ yet they face a no tolerance policy that places them in prison, destroys their chances to continue being the productive people they were before and irreparably harms them in many other ways. Under legalization, governments would be able to standardize the quality, regulate the ages

Ensure The Success Of Your Business Commerce Essay

Ensure The Success Of Your Business Commerce Essay In order to remain in business, business owners and organisations need to take proactive steps all the time to ensure that their businesses remain at a competitive edge, hence the need to strategically manage the human resources of the organisation to ensure overall success of the business. Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organisations (Armstrong, 2009). However, Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a proactive management of the employees of a company or organisation. Strategic human resource management includes typical human resource components such as hiring, discipline, and payroll, and also involves working with employees in a collaborative manner to boost retention, improve the quality of the work experience, and maximize the mutual benefit of employment for both the employee and the employer. (BusinessDictionary.com) This article will look at different models of strategic HRM, the importance of strategic HRM, an analysis of an HRM framework, the HRM process and the development of strategies as well as an assessment of the roles in strategic HRM. Models of strategic HRM Although there is some acceptance of the idea that strategic HRM should support the strategic direction of the business, there is no agreement on the best way of doing this. Two normative models epitomise the relationship between labour management and organisational strategy. The first is explored in the best practice or universal school. The second approach, where integration between strategic HRM and organisational strategy is an essential feature, is explored in the contingency and configurational schools (Porter, Bingham and Simmonds 2008). Comparison of Universalistic and Contingency models of HRM Universalistic model Contingency model There is an existence of best human resource management practices and all organisations should adopt these best practices. There are not best practices but for effectiveness, an organisations HR policies must be consistent with other aspects of the organisation. A universal relationship exists between individual best practices and the organisations performance. The main contingency factor is the organisations strategy, or the internal and external environment which is described as vertical fit. One single practice leads to a greater organisational performance. They do not consider either synergetic interdependence relationships or integration mechanisms. Many contingent works focus on a single practice i.e. a single practice is dependable on the other to achieve the goal of the organisation. REASONS FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF HRM IN ORGANISATIONS The human resources remains the most important asset of any organisation and the overall importance of human resource management is to ensure that the organisation is able to achieve success through its entire workforce in order to ensure a successful business. In the area of strategy, the HR department improves the organisations bottom line with its knowledge of how human capital affects the success of the organisational as a whole. Leaders with expertise in HR strategic management participate in corporate decision-making that underlies current staffing assessments and projections for future workforce needs based on business demand. It enables the organisation to strategically deal with HR issues which in-turn enables employees to work effectively in order to achieve the organisations goals and objectives. Human resource managements allow organisations to prioritize their organisational and business strategies hence attracting and retaining and the development of competent employees. Another reason of HRM in organisation also lies in its importance as a Legal requirement. The HR department of organisations ensures compliance with employment laws. They complete paperwork necessary for documenting that employees are eligible to work in the U.K. The employment laws also states that employers have an obligation to provide safe working conditions for their entire workforce. Hence, workplace safety and risk management specialists from the HR area manage compliance with U.K. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 by maintaining accurate work logs and records, and developing programs that reduce the number of workplace injuries and fatalities. Workplace safety specialists also engage employees in promoting awareness and safe handling of dangerous equipment and hazardous chemicals. HRM FRAMEWORK The purpose of the HRM framework is to ensure the adoption and implementation of a fair and transparent process which in-turn will retain the valuable skills and experiences of employees within the organisation. It ensures that effective consultation takes place with employees and their representatives on how these processes will be applied, ensuring effective outcomes for employees, customers and all stakeholders. Harvard framework of HRM Harvard framework is a strategic map to guide all managers in their relations with employees and concentrates on the human or soft aspect of HRM. It was developed by Beer et al in 1984. This framework is based on the belief that the problems of historical personnel management can only be solved when general managers develop a viewpoint of how they wish to see employees involved in and developed by the enterprise, and of what HRM policies and practices may achieve those goals. Without either a central philosophy or a strategic vision which can be provided only by general managers HRM is likely to remain a set of independent activities, each guided by its own practice tradition. (Armstrong, 2009) The Harvard model outlines four HR policy areas as follows: Human resource flows recruitment, selection, placement, promotion, appraisal and assessment, promotion, termination Reward systems pay systems, motivation Employee influence delegated levels of authority, responsibility, power Work systems work design and alignment of people. Which in turn lead to the four Cs or HR policies that have to be achieved: Commitment Congruence Competence Cost effectiveness HRM PROCESS AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT HR processes are the basis for the management of customers satisfaction with Human Resources. Customers feel comfortable and their level of satisfaction increases when there is an understanding of the HR processes, how they are connected and how they interact. In order to achieve continuous customer satisfaction these processes needs to be measured and regularly monitored to identify any gaps in the processes and improve on it for the benefit of the all stakeholders. HRM processes The HRM processes consist of the following basic areas: Planning (strategic HR planning, job design) Attracting (recruitment and selection) Attracting applicants from which to begin the selection process. This can either be from internal or external sources. Recruitment is about finding and engaging the people the organisation needs to make up its workforce. Team meetings, notice boards, intranet are methods of sourcing for people internally, and radio/TV adverts, local newspaper adverts, posters, job centre plus recruitment agencies are methods of external recruitment. Selection is assessing the suitability of potential employees and predicting which applicant will be able to carry out a job role successfully. It is characterised by the competence, experience, qualifications, education and training of the applicant. Developing (induction, orientation, training of the work-force, career development, talent management, leadership development, performance appraisal) Training the employee in order to acquire the needed skills for the job. Talent management is the process of identifying, developing, recruiting, retaining and deploying talented people with special gifts, abilities which enable them to perform effectively Retaining (compensation, benefits) HR Controlling HR strategy development HR strategies set out what the organisation intends to do about its human resource management policies and practices and how they should be integrated with the business strategy and each other (Armstrong, 2009). Strategy development is about choosing the most appropriate course of action for the realisation of organisational goals and objectives, in order to achieve the organisational vision. The process of developing HR strategies involves the following steps: Conduct a SWOT analysis of your organization. Determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats/risks that affect the business and organization, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the workforce. The current skills of the workforce should also be taken into consideration in order to identify where skills and/or education levels may be improved. After the SWOT analysis, take a look at the organisations overall performance against target(s) for the previous year(s) in order to find out what how well the organisation has done or what problems, issues and/or challenges were faced. Afterwards identify factors that could be responsible for any change that has taken place. Set quantitative targets by drawing up SMART objectives for the future. SMART objectives are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. Develop an action plan for implementing the HR strategy. Create a timeline for the successful completion of key objectives. As long as the strategy is detailed and also depending on how big the organisation is, options may be made available for heads of departments to choose how best to deal with issues at a departmental level. Introduce and communicate the action plan to your organisation as the overall success of the strategy lies in proper implementation. Organise meetings, discussion and training sessions for senior management to raise awareness and reinforce the importance of their acceptance of the HR strategy plan letting them know how they will benefit from the plan on a personal level. ASSESSMENT OF ROLES IN STRATEGIC HRM The role of human resource managers in strategic HRM is kind of bi-dimensional as they are responsible for the development of strategic solutions that promote departmental and organisational success, and also manage the functional aspects of human resources. Workplace Safety Creating a work environment free from unnecessary hazards is a strategic role of every human resources manager. Strategic development for workplace safety entails risk management and mitigating potential losses from on-the-job injuries and fatalities. Workers compensation insurance is an area in which a strategic plan helps lower company expense for insurance coverage. Reducing accidents through training employees on the proper use of complex machinery and equipment is one of the functional tasks associated with creating a safe work environment. Compensation and Benefits The compensation and benefits structure partly determines the companys business reputation and image. Decisions made by human resources managers pay scales and employee benefits can impact employee satisfaction, as well as the organisations ability to recruit talented workers. Job evaluation, labour market conditions, workforce shortages and budget constraints are factors that HR managers consider in a strategic plan for pay and benefits. Employee Training Human resources managers strategic role with respect to employee training and development prepares the workforce for future positions within the company. Succession planning, promotion-from-within policies and performance evaluation factor into the human resources managers role. Training and development motivate employees, and in some cases, improve employee retention. Recruitment and Selection Employee recruitment and selection is also a part of employee relations though it is a separate discipline itself. Therefore, a human resources managers strategic role is to combine elements of employee relations into the employers recruitment and selection strategy. Employee Relations The sustainance of an employee relations program is an important element of human resource strategy. It includes salaries, benefits, health and safety, training and employee development. The strategic role of a human resources manager in this regard is to determine how to identify and resolve workplace issues that may jeopardize productivity, performance and working relationships. They develop tools such as employee opinion surveys and action plans, monitor compliance with labour and employment laws, address employee concerns, and provide training and guidance to supervisors and managers. In conclusion, the development of effective human resource strategies is vital to the prolonged existence and success of a business. In time past, personnel management was concerned only with the processing of applications, payrolls and staff benefits but human resources strategy today involves executive leadership teams consulting with human resources experts to develop complementary goals for human resources and the overall business.

All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females

All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females. When a child is born we categorise its gender as being either male or female, or of either being a girl or a boy, and depending on which of these categories you fall in to will have a huge bearing on how your life will evolve. Some basic facts can serve as starting points. The unique reproductive capacities of females normally mark their lives by menstruation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and menopause. Males are, on average, larger and have greater physical strength than females in the same population. The burden of evidence also indicates that males are more aggressive, although this is not as well established as the facts of physical morphology and reproductive capacity (Nadelson, pg 3, 1991) However, as Nadelson states none of these capacities or apparent predispositions are uniformly translated into adaptive outcomes across human populations because of variations in technology, socioeconomic organisation, and cultural values. Female reproduction can be halted by celibacy or infertility or delayed by the use of contraception, and lactation can be avoided by using infant formula. The strength of males can diminish as machinery becomes available to do the heavy work. The aggressiveness of young males, though valuable for defence can become socially disruptive if there is no need for local troops. Behavioural differences between boys and girls can be reduced in later childhood when they are raised together and boys perform tasks defined as feminine. Thus the existence of gender specific capacities does not predict how or to what extent they will be used for purposes of adaptation. (Nadelson, pg 4, 1991) Field work carried out by anthropologists within non Western societies provide support for this point, in the East African highlands, where ploughs and animals are absent, the heavy work of cultivation is done largely by women. The same women carry 50-pound loads on their heads over considerable distances, in addition to bearing and raising children and managing their homes. Anthropologists use the term socialisation as a concept to mean the teaching that prepares the young to be competent members of their society. Training children to fit gender roles and to internalise the benefits and values appropriate to performing their roles in all situations and social instructions is a primary job of socialisers the world over. (Herdt, pg 68, 1987) Throughout history many people have long since argued to what extent culture can shape gender and what influences gender identity. The physical appearance of someone, the way they dress and how they act are all supposed to be characteristics of being either male or female. All cultures have acceptable roles based on the sex of the individual and these roles are determined by a person's position within their family and society. Many argue that gender roles are culturally rather than biologically produced and whiles a person's sex refers to biological differences between male and females, it is through gender socialisation that a person acquires his or her gender. It is through this process that a person learns what is masculine and feminine, and how to act accordingly, dependant on the surroundings he or she is in. (www. sociology. org. uk/tecelth. htm) Giddens states that when speaking of sexual differences we are distinguishing between males and females, when speaking of gender it is between masculine and feminine. The content of the male / female distinction is genetically determined and largely universal, whereas the content of the masculine / feminine distinction is culturally determined and highly variable. Giddens, pg 148, 1987) Depending on the society in which we live depends on the activities and characteristics donated to males and females, and while these may be deemed as natural within their own unique culture this may not be so throughout all of society. An example of this being the rituals carried out within the Sambia, an initiation takes place were the main purpose is to make boys big and strong and to make them aggressive warriors. They have to be removed from their mothers and other females as this will also remove their feminine traits, such as shyness and crying. The initiation process involves ridding them of these feminine traits and unlearning all of their so far learnt behaviour. They have to learn how to be masculine. However, this is also a slight two fold initiation in that the Sambia believe that as the male body is incapable of producing semen it has to be externally acquired, as the presence of semen in the body is a sign of masculinity. The semen is digested orally, provided by older members of the men's secret society. The boys will never be allowed back to theirs mothers again and will remain with the other male members of the tribe throughout their childhood, teenage years and early manhood. The female is seen as weaker and the boys can not be allowed to be weakened by her. (Herdt, pg 68, 1987) As has already been identified different societies define gender roles in a variety of different ways, however what is evident is that regardless of culture or society, males tend to always have more power and more authority than women. Giddens, pg 149, 1987) Anthropologists such as George Peter Murdoch argue that biological differences such as the greater physical strength of men and the fact that women bear children lead to a sexual division of labour in society. Murdoch surveyed 224 societies and found that tasks such as hunting, lumbering and mining are usually part of the male role, while cooking and child care were usually assigned to the women. Murdoch states that women were handicapped by the physiological burdens of pregnancy and nursing. (Haralambos, pg 267, 1986) The rise of the Women's Liberation Movement have contributed to the criticism that gender roles are shaped by biology, and more are now arguing that the roles of men and women are determined by culture and are therefore learned as part of the socialisation process, and ultimately there is nothing natural about the roles that women play. It is all learnt behaviour, and as Marjorie Garber states in Vested Interest (1991) the reason that that female to male transgendered people are not generally seen as that remarkable as their male to female equivalents is because it is quite normal in our male dominated culture for a woman to want to become a man, as it is still recognised that social power is most often attached to being male. Even Sigmund Freud's theory on gender was based on the idea that the ownership of a penis reflects masculinity and power, and being female means simply being absent of a penis. Girls, he states suffer from â€Å"penis envy† and due to this they under value their mother's position in the family because she lacks a penis. The father is therefore generally in power and makes all females within the family adopt a submissive attitude. This is referred to by Freud as the Electra Complex. Freud's theory comes in for a lot of criticism by many, as most of his analysis is based solely on biological differences, namely the ownership of a penis. However, as Mark Johnson discovered whilst carrying out fieldwork in the Southern Philippines the ownership of a penis is not always a sign of masculinity and it is rather what is done with it. The ‘bantut' he discovered was thought of by almost all of the community as a man who was either sexually impotent in some way, or who had a small penis, or who was unable to have or sustain an erection (Johnson, pg 94, 1997) It could not be conceived that the ‘bantut' chose this way of life and the desire to be elegant and sensual, to take care over their appearance, to appreciate beauty, to be vulnerable and protected, to be tender and caring, to be coy and flirtatious. As in many cultures there are two types of gender, male and female, masculine or feminine. Transgender is a term that has over recent years entered the vocabulary as a term to designate to anyone not covered by the term, man or woman (www. glbthistory. org/about/ourstory/tg-at-hs. lasso) However, it should be noted that transgender people, along with homosexuals, women and any number of racial and ethnic groups have joined the ranks of being publicly recognised minorities. www. badsubjects. com/issueno7/1993/annaleenewitz) In Cross-Dressing and Re-Dressing: Transvestism as Metaphor, Gilbert and Gubar remark that both Violet Trefusis and Vita Sackville-West wrote about their experiences of there being more than one possibility of opposite genders: In 1920, when Vita Sackville West looked back on her exuberant impersonation of the wounded soldier, ‘Julian' during the height of her post war love affair with Violet Trefusis, she was bemused. She had experienced herself, she remembered, as inhabited by several sexes: â€Å"I hold the conviction that as centuries go on the sexes will become more nearly merged on account of their increasing resemblances† (Gilbert & Gumar, pg 324, 1989) Clearly, this has not happened, eighty six years on and although, although it is not illegal for a man to wear women's clothing, we would certainly not appear to be moving towards a gender free, multi-gender or even gender-balanced society, despite living in an age were hairstyles and clothing have such a huge impact on how we perceive a person and their individuality. Why in the twenty first century is it still more acceptable for a man to carry a knife than to wear women's clothes, and why is it still so clear that they are women's clothes. (Suthrell, pg 9, 2004) The area of gender is a very confusing and at times very cloudy one. It appears that studies throughout history have shown that there are explicit differences between sex and gender and that it is society which transforms biological males and females into sociological men and women. Children it appears discover their gender identity from their parents and parents construct their identity by ensuring that they pursue interests and adopt mannerisms that are stereotypical of a male or female within their society. This means that from a very early age the child knows which gender category he or she falls into. In Western society it could be argued that the media plays a huge role in depicting how males and females should behave, with women usually portrayed in the traditional role of mother and wife, or damsel in distress. Indeed, many fairytales, which have a huge influence on children still tend to portray men as the heroic male, who along with saving the planet will ultimately also have to save the female too. Even in non Western societies were the media have very little or no influence gender roles are still very apparent, Ian Hogbin's account of childbirth and the role of men in a New Guinea villages gives an account of men supposedly being too clumsy and unskilled to minister to a tiny infant, and therefore, the father does not touch his young offspring. After about two weeks the women may give it to him for a few minutes, but six months elapse before he holds it for any length of time. (Hogbin, pg 58, 1963) From birth this child will know his or her place within the village and thus history continues to repeat itself. Nobody within the village will question why things are done this way and social pressure will ensure that this is how things continue. It could therefore be assumed that it is in fact social pressure which ensures that most within society conform to the gender role bequeathed to them, a role which they are led to believe is â€Å"normal† and this is why those who elect their own gender, whether that be male, female or something entirely different are usually pushed out of society and not accepted.